Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity MARKET is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

According to predictions in the literature, sock price of firms with greater product MARKET POWER is less sensitive to order flows which results in greater stock liquidity. This prediction was examined in a sample of 75 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1388 to 1391 using three illiquidity measures (Amihud Ratio, Quoted Spread, Effective Spread) and two proxies for MARKET POWER. The results of panel regressions showed that stock liquidity increases with MARKET share (the first proxy of MARKET POWER). Findings also showed the relationship between operational income ratio (second proxy of MARKET POWER) and stock liquidity is not meaningful and consistent with theory. It seems that the reputation of firms in product MARKET (respect to MARKET share) results in higher stock MARKET liquidity than their profitability. Other results confirmed that advertising in product MARKET doesn’t influence stock MARKET liquidity, directly.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive POWER dispatch method in a wind-integrated POWER system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive POWER generation and active POWER loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive POWER resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

A group of energy resources distributed in the network which are placed under a unified and integrated management with a central control system is called a Virtual POWER Plant (VPP). Electromechanical storage units composing VPP may provide arbitrage opportunities in POWER MARKET. This paper proposes a new mathematical approach based on a comprehensive model for arbitrage of a VPP in POWER MARKETs. In our proposed model network topology, VPP constraints and network constraints are considered. The method determines the amount of energy and reserve that should be bought or sold in day-ahead MARKETs, commitment of distributed energy resources, charge or discharge status of storage units and the amount of load curtailments. By applying the proposed model to a case study, different arbitrage opportunities for VPP in POWER MARKET are investigated.

Deregulation policy has caused some changes in the concepts of POWER systems reliability assessment and enhancement. In this paper, generation reliability and MARKET price are considered, and a method for their assessment using POWER plants' flexibility and neural networks is proposed. Also, due to the stochastic behavior of POWER MARKET and generators’ forced outages, Monte Carlo Simulation is used for reliability evaluation. The proposed method is assessed on IEEE-Reliability Test System with satisfactory results. The results further showed that if price elasticity of demand increases, reliability will improve and MARKET price will decrease. Also, flexible plants can merger and uplift the MARKET price.

The Iranian electricity MARKET is undergoing the first decade of restructuring. Effective competition in wholesale electricity MARKET is a necessary feature of successful electricity industry restructuring. The paper examines the degree of competition in the Iranian electricity MARKET during March to September 2009. The competitive benchmark analysis has been used to simulate producer's behavior as a price taker firms and compare the competitive MARKET results with actual MARKET outcomes. The competitive benchmark has been calculated through generation costs of producers. Moreover, the possibility of execution MARKET POWER has been considered by structural index. The finding indicates that the Iranian electricity MARKET has a considerable potential to exercise POWER MARKET and there were significant departure from competitive behavior during 2009.

Pistachio export, after hand-woven carpet, accounts for the highest share of non oil export revenue with more than 1 billion dollars. Iran has continually accounted for more than half of pistachios trade, however the prices has experienced a declining trend during two last decades. The objective of this study is to investigate the changes occurred in pistachio trade MARKET structure and to analysis changes in MARKET POWER of Iran. Regarding the changes happened in combination of the Iranian pistachio importing countries over last two decades, analysis were performed for 1989-1996 and 1997-2005 separately. The analysis instruments are demand function and MARKET concentration indices. The findings showed that changes in combination of importing countries has resulted in decrees of Iranian MARKET POWER from 0.66 to 0.36, causing a rise in foreign consumers surplus from 43 in 1989-1996 to more than 173 billion USDA in next period on average. However, the chance of experiencing MARKET POWER remains for Iran. The concentration indices also showed an increasing trend of competition for pistachio MARKET structure during last two decades. It was also found that pistachios trade MARKET tends to perform as a closed monopoly. Based on the findings, Iran is proposed to find new MARKETs, leading to decrease the buyers share.